Stain Application Guide

Wood Stain Fundamentals

Stain changes wood color while allowing the grain pattern to show through. Unlike paint, stain penetrates the wood surface to some degree, creating a more natural appearance. Proper stain application requires understanding different stain types and how wood absorbs color.

Types of Wood Stain

• Oil-based stain: The most common type. Long open time allows even application on large surfaces. Penetrates well but raises grain minimally.
• Water-based stain: Faster drying, lower odor, easier cleanup. Raises the grain and may appear less rich than oil-based.
• Gel stain: Thick consistency that sits on the surface. Excellent for blotch-prone woods like pine and cherry, and for vertical surfaces.
• Dye stain: Dissolves completely into the wood. Creates vivid colors and doesn’t obscure grain but offers no UV protection.

Surface Preparation

Preparation determines stain success more than any other factor:

• Sand to 150-180 grit for most stains. Finer sanding reduces stain absorption and can cause uneven color.
• Sand evenly—scratches absorb more stain and show as dark marks.
• Remove all dust with vacuum and tack cloth.
• For blotch-prone woods, apply wood conditioner or a washcoat of dewaxed shellac first.

Application Technique

1. Stir thoroughly: Pigments settle in the can. Stir before and periodically during use.
2. Apply liberally: Use a brush, rag, or foam applicator to flood the surface.
3. Allow penetration: Wait 5-15 minutes depending on desired color depth. Longer time = darker color.
4. Wipe off excess: Use clean rags to remove all surface stain, wiping in the direction of the grain.
5. Even out variations: Work sections small enough to maintain wet edges.
6. Second coat if needed: Apply after the first coat is completely dry for deeper color.

Dealing with Blotching

Softwoods and some hardwoods (cherry, birch, maple) absorb stain unevenly, creating a blotchy appearance. Solutions include:

• Pre-stain wood conditioner (partially seals the wood)
• Gel stains (minimal penetration reduces blotching)
• Dye stains (dissolve into wood more evenly than pigmented stains)
• Toning with tinted finish coats instead of staining