Applying a finish to furniture is an essential step in woodworking that enhances the wood’s natural beauty and protects it from environmental factors. Whether you are a beginner or experienced in woodworking, understanding the right techniques to apply a finish can make a significant difference in your furniture’s appearance and longevity. This article will guide you through the process of applying furniture finish effectively, from preparation to the final touches, ensuring your furniture looks professional and well-cared for.
Preparation Before Finishing
Before you begin the finishing process, it is crucial to prepare your furniture properly. Start by ensuring your workspace is clean, well-ventilated, and free from dust. Next, prepare the surface of your furniture. If you’re working with a new piece, sand the wood thoroughly with fine-grit sandpaper to remove any imperfections and to create a smooth surface for the finish to adhere. For an older piece, you might need to strip old finish or paint, followed by sanding. Always wipe down the furniture with a tack cloth after sanding to remove all dust.
Choosing the Right Finish
There are several types of finishes available, and choosing the right one depends on the type of wood and the desired appearance and durability. Some popular choices include:
- Varnish: Offers good protection against water, heat, and solvents. It’s ideal for items that will be used frequently. Polyurethane Available in both water-based and oil-based formulas, it provides a hard, durable finish.
- Shellac: Dries quickly and provides a glossy finish but is not as durable as other options.
- Lacquer: Provides a durable and hard finish with a range of sheen options. It dries quickly and is forgiving during application.
- Oil: Enhances the natural beauty of wood without adding a film on the surface. Common options include tung oil and linseed oil.
Application Techniques
The application technique varies depending on the type of finish selected:
- Brushing: Suitable for most finishes, use a natural or synthetic bristle brush. Apply with even strokes in the direction of the grain. Avoid overloading the brush to prevent drips and uneven application.
- Wiping: Ideal for oil finishes, use a lint-free cloth to apply. Wipe in smooth, even strokes along the grain. This method offers a thinner, more controlled application.
- Sprayin Preferred for lacquer and sometimes polyurethane, spraying can be done with aerosol cans or a spray system. It provides a smooth, even coat, especially on intricate pieces. Always practice on scrap material first to ensure even application.
- Rolling: Suitable for large surfaces. Use a foam roller to apply thin, even coats. However, this method might require back-brushing to even out the finish.
Multiple Coats and Sanding
Most finishes require more than one coat for optimum results. After applying the first coat, allow it to dry completely, then lightly sand with fine-grit sandpaper to achieve a smoother finish. Wipe down with a tack cloth to remove all dust before applying the next coat. Repeat this process as recommended by the finish manufacturer, typically 2-4 coats.
Final Touches
After the final coat, assess the finish for any drips, brush marks, or uneven areas. Some finishes, like polyurethane, might require a final buffing with steel wool or a polishing compound to achieve a high gloss. Always allow the finish to cure fully, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, before using the furniture.
Maintenance
Proper maintenance can extend the life of your finish and furniture. Dust regularly with a soft, dry cloth and address spills quickly to prevent damage. Avoid using harsh chemical cleaners that can strip the finish. Periodically, you might need to reapply a finish or perform touch-ups, especially on frequently used items.
Applying a furniture finish is not just about aesthetics but also about protection and durability. By choosing the right type of finish and applying it with care and precision, you can enhance the beauty and longevity of your furniture. Whether you are refinishing a cherished antique or finishing a new handmade piece, the right approach to applying furniture finish can make all the difference.